{"id":347,"date":"2012-01-29T11:33:53","date_gmt":"2012-01-29T10:33:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.electoral.fr\/?p=347"},"modified":"2012-01-29T11:33:53","modified_gmt":"2012-01-29T10:33:53","slug":"expose-sur-la-parite","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.electoral.fr\/?p=347","title":{"rendered":"Expos\u00e9 sur la parit\u00e9"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electoral.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/parit\u00e9-pppt.pptx\">Pr\u00e9sentation pour l&rsquo;expos\u00e9 sur la parit\u00e9<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Audrey Brun, d\u00e9cembre 2011<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0.35cm; border: 1px solid #00000a; padding: 0.04cm 0.14cm;\" align=\"CENTER\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">La parit\u00e9 \u00ab\u00a0 petit apart\u00e9 sur la parit\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><em>\u00ab Quarante ans de Cinqui\u00e8me R\u00e9publique prouvent, s\u2019il en \u00e9tait besoin, que, sans mesure d\u2019action positive, les femmes en France n\u2019ont pas v\u00e9ritablement acc\u00e8s \u00e0 la repr\u00e9sentation politique. Quand libert\u00e9 est laiss\u00e9e aux appareils partisans, ceux-ci montrent leur mauvais vouloir \u00e0 organiser la mixit\u00e9 des investitures \u00bb.<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.05cm; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">Depuis 200 ans, la parit\u00e9 entre les hommes et les femmes n\u2019a cess\u00e9 de progresser<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"text-indent: 1.25cm; margin-bottom: 0.35cm;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>I\u00a0: le principe de la parit\u00e9<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"text-indent: 1.25cm; margin-bottom: 0.35cm;\"><span style=\"color: #00b050;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>A\u00a0: En qu\u00eate de parit\u00e9<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0.35cm;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Des avanc\u00e9es certaines\u2026\u2026.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.05cm; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">1804\u00a0: Le Code civil donne aux femmes des droits civils mais leur refuse les droits politiques.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.05cm; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">1893\u00a0: Octroi du droit de vote aux femmes en Nouvelle-Z\u00e9lande, premier pays au monde \u00e0 l\u2019accorder\u00a0; la Grande-Bretagne (pour les femmes de plus de 30 ans jusqu\u2019en 1928) , la Su\u00e8de et l\u2019Allemagne l\u2019accordent en 1918, le Canada et les Pays-Bas en 1919, les \u00c9 tats-Unis en 1920 (quelques \u00c9tats l\u2019avaient d\u00e9j\u00e0 adopt\u00e9 avant ).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.05cm; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">21 avril 1944\u00a0: L\u2019ordonnance d\u2019Alger accorde le droit de vote aux femmes fran\u00e7aises.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.05cm; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">27 octobre 1946\u00a0: Le pr\u00e9ambule de la constitution proclame\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0la loi garantit \u00e0 la femme, dans tous les domaines, des droits \u00e9gaux \u00e0 ceux de l\u2019homme\u00a0\u00bb (art.3) .<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h5 class=\"western\" style=\"margin-top: 0.33cm; margin-bottom: 0.33cm; line-height: 100%;\"><a name=\"sdfootnote1anc\"><\/a> <span style=\"color: #00000a;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-style: normal;\">La question des droits des femmes<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #00000a;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-style: normal;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\"> est prise en compte par les socialistes au pouvoir et le Gouvernement de mai 1981 comprend 5 femmes puis 6 en 1983 (14 %) dont Madame Yvette Roudy, Ministre des droits de la femme<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><a href=\"#sdfootnote1sym\"><sup><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-style: normal;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/a><span style=\"color: #00000a;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-style: normal;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">. Celle-ci entend faire des Fran\u00e7aises des \u00ab\u00a0citoyennes \u00e0 part enti\u00e8re\u00a0\u00bbIl n\u2019en reste pas moins que la place des Fran\u00e7aises dans la sph\u00e8re politique n\u2019a gu\u00e8re \u00e9volu\u00e9e. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h5>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0.35cm;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>La bascule de 92\u00a0:<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-top: 0.33cm; margin-bottom: 0.33cm; line-height: 100%;\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Au d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 1990\u00a0: la France demeure, avec la Gr\u00e8ce, la \u201clanterne rouge\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.05cm; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; line-height: 100%;\"><a name=\"sdfootnote3anc\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">Le 7 mars 1993 au S\u00e9nat, l\u2019Assembl\u00e9e des Femmes, cr\u00e9e en 1992 par Yvette ROUDY ancienne Ministre et qui a objectif la promotion des femmes en politique, en collaboration avec d\u2019autres associations lancent un appel aux \u00c9tats G\u00e9n\u00e9raux des Femmes<\/span><\/span><a href=\"#sdfootnote3sym\"><sup><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">3<\/span><\/sup><\/a><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"> et de la politique en France et en Europe pour 1994. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.05cm; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; line-height: 100%;\" align=\"CENTER\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">\u00ab\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><em>Nous demandons d\u2019ores et d\u00e9j\u00e0 aux responsables politiques de droite comme de gauche d\u2019inscrire la parit\u00e9 dans les textes et dans les faits. Elle doit \u00eatre un principe de notre Constitution relay\u00e9 par une loi et des d\u00e9crets d\u2019application\u00a0\u00bb.<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.05cm; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><strong>1995\u00a0: cr\u00e9ation de l\u2019observatoire de la parit\u00e9 entre les hommes et les femmes <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.05cm; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">Analyse des in\u00e9galit\u00e9s entre sexes dans le secteur politique \u00e9conomique et social<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5 class=\"western\" style=\"margin-top: 0.33cm; margin-bottom: 0.33cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"color: #00000a;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Il a \u00e9t\u00e9 successivement pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Mmes <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.assemblee-nationale.fr\/histoire\/trombinoscope\/VRepublique\/Legis10\/bachelot-narquin-roselyne-24121946.asp\"><span style=\"color: #00000a;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Roselyne Bachelot<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span style=\"color: #00000a;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">, <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.assemblee-nationale.fr\/11\/tribun\/fiches_id\/1452.asp\"><span style=\"color: #00000a;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Catherine G\u00e9nisson<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span style=\"color: #00000a;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\"> et par Mme <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.assemblee-nationale.fr\/12\/tribun\/fiches_id\/2971.asp\"><span style=\"color: #00000a;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Marie-Jo Zimmermann<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span style=\"color: #00000a;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">, d\u00e9put\u00e9e de Moselle et pr\u00e9sidente de la <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.assemblee-nationale.fr\/commissions\/delf-index.asp\"><span style=\"color: #00000a;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">d\u00e9l\u00e9gation aux droits des femmes de l\u2019Assembl\u00e9e nationale<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span style=\"color: #00000a;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h5>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"text-indent: 1.25cm; margin-bottom: 0.35cm;\"><span style=\"color: #00b050;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>B\u00a0: la r\u00e9volution \u00ab\u00a0constitutionnelle\u00a0\u00bb et ces suites<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0.19cm; background: #ffffff; line-height: 135%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>R\u00e9vision constitutionnelle<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0.19cm; background: #ffffff; line-height: 135%;\"><a name=\"mot3449\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Le Conseil constitutionnel ayant censur\u00e9 \u00e0 plusieurs reprises des textes obligeant \u00e0 placer des hommes et des femmes \u00e0 parit\u00e9 sur des listes de candidats \u00e0 une \u00e9lection, les parlementaires, le <\/span><\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.vie-publique.fr\/th\/glossaire\/gouvernement.html\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><strong>gouvernement.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"> et le pr\u00e9sident de la R\u00e9publique ont d\u00e9cid\u00e9 de r\u00e9viser la constitution pour rendre possibles de telles dispositions.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0.19cm; background: #ffffff; line-height: 135%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">La constitution permet donc d\u00e9sormais au l\u00e9gislateur d\u2019encourager l\u2019acc\u00e8s des femmes aux mandats \u00e9lectoraux et aux fonctions \u00e9lectives, et donne mission aux partis d\u2019y contribuer. Ce texte ne concerne que le domaine politique car le pr\u00e9ambule de 1946 permettait d\u00e9j\u00e0 au l\u00e9gislateur d\u2019oeuvrer en faveur des femmes dans le domaine \u00e9conomique et social.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0.19cm; background: #ffffff; line-height: 135%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\u00ab\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><strong> 8 juillet 1999<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\u00a0: Une r\u00e9vision constitutionnelle ajoute \u00e0 l\u2019article 3 de la Constitution de 1958 la disposition suivante \u00ab\u00a0la loi favorise l\u2019\u00e9gal acc\u00e8s des femmes et des hommes aux mandats \u00e9lectoraux et aux fonctions \u00e9lectives\u00a0\u00bb et pr\u00e9voit que les partis doivent \u00ab\u00a0contribuer \u00e0 la mise en oeuvre\u00a0\u00bb de ce principe (art. 4)\u00a0\u00bb <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-top: 0.38cm; margin-bottom: 0.38cm; line-height: 100%;\" align=\"CENTER\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Cette r\u00e9vision autorise alors des r\u00e9formes l\u00e9gislatives qui rendront effective une meilleure repr\u00e9sentation des femmes en politique.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0.19cm; background: #ffffff; line-height: 135%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Les suites de la r\u00e9vision\u00a0: loi du 6 juin 2000<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0.19cm; background: #ffffff; line-height: 135%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Apr\u00e8s cette r\u00e9vision, le parlement a adopt\u00e9 plusieurs textes d\u2019application de ce principe, comme l\u2019obligation de faire figurer autant de femmes que d\u2019hommes, et de mani\u00e8re panach\u00e9e, sur les scrutins de liste (municipales dans les communes de plus de 3 500 habitants, r\u00e9gionales, europ\u00e9ennes, s\u00e9natoriales dans les d\u00e9partements \u00e9lisant trois s\u00e9nateurs ou plus) et des p\u00e9nalit\u00e9s financi\u00e8res pour les partis ne pr\u00e9sentant pas autant de candidats que de candidates aux scrutins uninominaux \u2019loi du 6 juin 2000.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0.19cm; background: #ffffff; line-height: 135%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><strong>6 juin 2000<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"> : La loi sur la parit\u00e9 en politique module l\u2019aide publique aux partis politiques en fonction de leur respect de l\u2019application de la parit\u00e9 pour la pr\u00e9sentation des candidats aux \u00e9lections<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-top: 0.05cm; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"text-indent: 1.25cm; margin-bottom: 0.35cm;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>II\u00a0: la parit\u00e9 aujourd\u2019hui<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"text-indent: 1.25cm; margin-bottom: 0.35cm;\"><span style=\"color: #00b050;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>A\u00a0: Un enjeu soci\u00e9tal\u00a0: L\u2019importance du mode de scrutin<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0.35cm;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Parit\u00e9 et scrutin proportionnel\u00a0: ( chez nos voisins europ\u00e9en la plupart scrutin proportionnel)<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-top: 0.33cm; margin-bottom: 0.33cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Pour les \u00e9lections municipales, r\u00e9gionales, europ\u00e9ennes et s\u00e9natoriales dans les d\u00e9partements qui disposent d\u2019au moins 4 si\u00e8ges de s\u00e9nateurs. Les partis sont contraints \u00e0 pr\u00e9senter un nombre \u00e9gal d\u2019Hommes et de femmes candidats.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-top: 0.33cm; margin-bottom: 0.33cm; border: 1px solid #00000a; padding: 0.04cm 0.14cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">Election municipale\u00a0: commune + 3500 hab<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><strong>L\u2019entr\u00e9e massive des femmes dans les conseils municipaux constitue la principale avanc\u00e9e de loi 2000 <\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">La proportion de <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>femmes \u00e9lues conseill\u00e8res municipales<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>dans toutes les communes<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"> de m\u00e9tropole est en effet pass\u00e9e <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><strong>de 21,7% en 1995 \u00e0 33% en 2001<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">La proportion de conseill\u00e8res municipales est\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><strong>:<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><strong>30,05% dans les 33\u00a0971 communes de &#8211; de 3 500 habitants alors <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><strong>47,5% dans les 2\u00a0587 communes de 3 500 habitants et plus (25,7% n 1995)<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.05cm; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; line-height: 115%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><strong>LOI 2007\u00a0: <\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #00000a;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">tendant \u00e0 promouvoir l\u2019\u00e9gal acc\u00e8s des femmes et des hommes aux mandats \u00e9lectoraux et fonctions \u00e9lectives\u00a0: <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>listes appliquant une parit\u00e9 stricte<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">. Les adjoints sont \u00e9lus au scrutin de liste a la MA, sans panachage ni votre preferentie.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.05cm; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; line-height: 115%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><strong>La \u00ab\u00a0parit\u00e9 municipale 2007\u00a0\u00bb \u00e9largit plus encore la \u00ab\u00a0parit\u00e9 2000\u00a0\u00bb qui pr\u00e9voyait que les listes devaient comporter trois femmes parmi les six premiers candidats.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.05cm; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>D\u00e9sormais, les listes doivent n\u00e9cessairement alterner homme et femme<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-top: 0.33cm; margin-bottom: 0.33cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Aux \u00e9lections municipales de 2008,<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"> CM Femmes 35\u00a0%.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-top: 0.33cm; margin-bottom: 0.33cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Communes &#8211; 3 500 habitants, non soumises aux contraintes de la loi sur la parit\u00e9,\u00a032,2\u00a0% conseill\u00e8res municipales, et les autres communes qui en comptent 48,5\u00a0%..<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.05cm; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; border: 1px solid #00000a; padding: 0.04cm 0.14cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">Election r\u00e9gionales et europ\u00e9ennes<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><strong>Les \u00e9lections r\u00e9gionales de 1998 et les \u00e9lections europ\u00e9ennes de 1999 ont \u00e9t\u00e9 organis\u00e9es au scrutin de liste \u00e0 la proportionnelle<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>, sans aucune contrainte de parit\u00e9<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>ATTENTION <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\uf0e8t\u00eates de listes se sont cependant <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>efforc\u00e9es<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"> d\u2019introduire un certain \u00e9quilibre hommes\/femmes.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Elections 1998, les femmes = 25 % des conseillers r\u00e9gionaux <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">europ\u00e9ennes de 1999\u00a0= 40,2 % <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>loi du 6 juin 2000<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">, le scrutin pour les prochaines \u00e9lections r\u00e9gionales qui doit avoir lieu \u00e0 la proportionnelle \u00e0 deux tours, aurait d\u00fb <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">comporter une obligation de parit\u00e9 par tranche de six candidats, comme pour les municipales.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>ATTENTION CHANGEMENT<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\u00a0: Le texte sur lequel le <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Premier ministre a<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"> engag\u00e9 la responsabilit\u00e9 du Gouvernement en application de l\u2019article 49 alin\u00e9a 3 de la Constitution, au cours de la s\u00e9ance du mercredi 12 f\u00e9vrier 2003, modifie cet ordre en imposant <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><strong>l\u2019alternance stricte de candidats de chaque sexe<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><strong>La loi du 6 juin 2000 pr\u00e9voit aussi pour les \u00e9lections europ\u00e9ennes<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">, obligation alternance stricte\u00a0: quasiment 50\/50 des hommes et des femmes au Parlement europ\u00e9en. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Attention obstacle g\u00e9ographique \u00e0 sa g\u00e9n\u00e9ralisation\u00a0:<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Un tel syst\u00e8me ne pr\u00e9sente aucun probl\u00e8me pour les \u00e9lections organis\u00e9es \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelon national. Sa g\u00e9n\u00e9ralisation dans les scrutins locaux pourrait en revanche susciter des difficult\u00e9s car elle est difficilement conciliable avec les <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>\u00e9quilibres g\u00e9ographiques ou la personnalit\u00e9 des candidats<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"> potentiels.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-top: 0.33cm; margin-bottom: 0.33cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Enfin Depuis la loi du 31 janvier 2007,<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><strong> les membres de la commission permanente<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"> autres que le pr\u00e9sident sont \u00e9lus au <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><strong>scrutin de liste<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">, avec alternance paritaire, par le conseil r\u00e9gional.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0.35cm; border: 1px solid #00000a; padding: 0.04cm 0.14cm;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">Les \u00e9lections s\u00e9natoriales si + 4 s\u00e9nateurs<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.05cm; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>LOI 2000\u00a0:<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.05cm; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">I<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">ntroduit la parit\u00e9 pour les \u00e9lections s\u00e9natoriales<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"> \u00e0 scrutin proportionnel et accroit la proportionnalit\u00e9 donc la parit\u00e9 en abaissant le seuil d\u2019application aux d\u00e9partements qui disposent de <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><strong>trois si\u00e8ges (contre5 avant<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Le premier bilan<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">de l\u2019application de la loi aux \u00e9lections s\u00e9natoriales du 23 septembre 2001\u00a0: tres +++ et 3 effets majeurs\u00a0:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Tout d&rsquo;abord, le r\u00e9\u00e9quilibrage des sexes est tr\u00e8s net puisque parmi les cent-un s\u00e9nateurs sortants, il n&rsquo;y avait que sept femmes (soit 6,9 %), alors qu&rsquo;il y en a vingt-deux (soit21,6 %) parmi les cent-deux nouveaux \u00e9lus ou r\u00e9\u00e9lus ; le nombre de femmes a ainsi plus que tripl\u00e9.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Par ailleurs, l&rsquo;arriv\u00e9e des femmes a eu aussi un effet de rajeunissement, puisque la moyenne d&rsquo;\u00e2ge des femmes \u00e9lues ou r\u00e9\u00e9lues est de 53,9 ans contre 59,3 ans pour les hommes.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Enfin, la r\u00e9forme a permis une v\u00e9ritable respiration d\u00e9mocratique en emp\u00eachant les ententes entre quelques \u00e9lus importants en place qui additionnaient leur client\u00e8le pour monopoliser le pouvoir.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.05cm; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.assemblee-nationale.fr\/12\/dossiers\/0303130203.asp\"><span style=\"color: #00000a;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><strong>LOI 2003<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/a><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">modifie le mode de scrutin des s\u00e9nateurs. Ainsi, le scrutin proportionnel concerne d\u00e9sormais les <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><strong>d\u00e9partements o\u00f9 4 s\u00e9nateurs et plus sont \u00e9lus<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">. (Soit les deux tiers des s\u00e9nateurs) et <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><strong>r\u00e9duit implicitement la parit\u00e9 en augmentant (de 3 \u00e0 4)<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"> le champ d\u2019application du scrutin proportionnel pour les s\u00e9nateurs d\u2019un d\u00e9partement qui <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><strong>comptent 4 si\u00e8ges maximum<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"> (\u00e0 la place de 5 et puis 3). <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-top: 0.33cm; margin-bottom: 0.33cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>La r\u00e9forme a permis une augmentation de 24\u00a0%<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"> des \u00e9lues au S\u00e9nat compos\u00e9 de 343 s\u00e9nateurs (nombre qui sera port\u00e9 \u00e0 346 en 2010). La loi sur la parit\u00e9 permet en 2000, une premi\u00e8re vague f\u00e9minisation, \u00e0 hauteur <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><strong>de 1\/3 du s\u00e9nat<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"> (renouvelable par tiers tous les trois ans). <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-top: 0.33cm; margin-bottom: 0.33cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Le S\u00e9nat passe de 5,6% d\u2019\u00e9lues en 1998 \u00e0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><strong>10,6% en 2001<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">. =&gt; sup a l\u2019AN<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.33cm; margin-bottom: 0.33cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Scrutin uninominal<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Lors d\u2019un scrutin uninominal, les candidats se pr\u00e9sentent individuellement dans le cadre d\u2019une circonscription. Il concerne les \u00e9lections l\u00e9gislatives, s\u00e9natoriales (dans les d\u00e9partements disposant de moins de 4 si\u00e8ges) et cantonales. La r\u00e9ussite au premier tour est conditionn\u00e9e par l\u2019obtention d\u2019une majorit\u00e9 absolue (plus de la moiti\u00e9 des suffrages exprim\u00e9s) des voix. Faute d\u2019avoir atteint ce seuil, un deuxi\u00e8me tour est organis\u00e9. Pour ce type de scrutin, le principe paritaire entre femmes et hommes ne s\u2019applique pas directement.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.05cm; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; border: 1px solid #00000a; padding: 0.04cm 0.14cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><em><span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">Les \u00e9lections cantonales<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.05cm; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><strong>LOI 2007<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">\u00a0: porte modification en introduisant la parit\u00e9 et introduit\u00a0:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.05cm; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\uf0e8<\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><em><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Le candidat et son rempla\u00e7ant sont de sexe diff\u00e9rent\u00a0: <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">institue un-e suppl\u00e9ant-e de sexe oppos\u00e9 aux candidat-e-s.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.05cm; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Selon l\u2019Observatoire de la parit\u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">, 13,1% des nouveaux \u00e9lus \u00e9taient des femmes, contre 9,8% en 2001 et 10,9% en 2004.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.05cm; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>En 2008,<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">il y a cinq femmes pr\u00e9sidentes de conseil g\u00e9n\u00e9ral\u00a0: <\/span><\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anne_d%27Ornano\"><span style=\"color: #00000a;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">Anne d\u2019Ornano<\/span><\/span><\/a><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"> (DVD \u2013 14), <\/span><\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Claude_Roiron\"><span style=\"color: #00000a;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">Claude Roiron<\/span><\/span><\/a><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"> (PS \u2013 37), <\/span><\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Josette_Durrieu\"><span style=\"color: #00000a;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">Josette Durrieu<\/span><\/span><\/a><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"> (PS \u2013 65), <\/span><\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marie-Fran%C3%A7oise_P%C3%A9rol-Dumont\"><span style=\"color: #00000a;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">Marie-Fran\u00e7oise P\u00e9rol-Dumont<\/span><\/span><\/a><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"> (PS \u2013 87) et <\/span><\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nassimah_Dindar\"><span style=\"color: #00000a;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">Nassimah Dindar<\/span><\/span><\/a><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"> (UMP \u2013 974), contre trois pr\u00e9c\u00e9demment<\/span><\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%89lections_cantonales_fran%C3%A7aises_de_2008\"><sup><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">[<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"color: #00000a;\"><sup><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">3<\/span><\/sup><\/span><sup><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">]<\/span><\/sup><\/a><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.05cm; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">Reste qu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019issue des \u00e9lections de 2008\u00a0: les conseillers g\u00e9n\u00e9raux comptent toujours <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><strong>87,7\u00a0%<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"> d\u2019hommes pour 12,3\u00a0% de femmes alors que, par exemple, les conseils r\u00e9gionaux, d\u00e9sign\u00e9s au scrutin de liste \u00e0 la proportionnelle, ont permis l\u2019\u00e9lection de 47,6\u00a0% d\u2019\u00e9lues.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-top: 0.33cm; margin-bottom: 0.33cm; border: 1px solid #00000a; padding: 0.04cm 0.14cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">Election l\u00e9gislatives<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\u00a0:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>la loi du 6 juin 2000 <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">comporte des <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><strong>mesures<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"> en faveur de la parit\u00e9 aux \u00e9lections l\u00e9gislatives. Toutefois, elles ne sont <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><strong>qu\u2019incitatives et non contraignantes<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">. L\u2019incitation se traduit par des <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><strong>p\u00e9nalit\u00e9s financi\u00e8res<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">portant sur la premi\u00e8re fraction de l\u2019aide publique de l\u2019Etat aux partis politiques, cette p\u00e9nalit\u00e9 \u00e9tant proportionnelle \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9cart entre le pourcentage de candidats et de candidates investis. Cependant, <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>\u00e0 la diff\u00e9rence des scrutins de liste, la parit\u00e9 des candidatures n\u2019est plus une obligation stricte<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">. Les partis et groupements politiques ont en effet le choix <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><strong>soit de subir une p\u00e9nalit\u00e9 financi\u00e8re, soit d\u2019appliquer la parit\u00e9 des candidatures<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.05cm; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">La loi sur la Parit\u00e9 n\u2019a eu aucun impact sur les l\u00e9gislatives de juin 2002. Les femmes ne repr\u00e9sentent que 74 des 577 d\u00e9put\u00e9s, soit 12,8%. La France est le mauvais \u00e9l\u00e8ve de l\u2019Europe. En effet, juste devant la Slov\u00e9nie et l\u2019Italie, la France reste tr\u00e8s loin de la Su\u00e8de (45%) ou de l\u2019Allemagne (31,6%). <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.05cm; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">\u00c0 l\u2019issue de ces \u00e9lections, parmi les 577\u00a0d\u00e9put\u00e9s, 233 seulement avaient un suppl\u00e9ant de sexe oppos\u00e9. C\u2019\u00e9tait le cas de 167 d\u00e9put\u00e9s hommes sur 506, soit 33\u00a0% et de 66\u00a0d\u00e9put\u00e9s femmes sur 71, soit 93\u00a0%. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.05cm; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Loi 31 janvier et F\u00e9vrier 2007<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0: <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">alourdit la sanction financi\u00e8re<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">et pr\u00e9voit une diminution de 75% de l\u2019\u00e9cart \u00e0 la moyenne des cr\u00e9dits accord\u00e9s par l\u2019\u00c9tat aux partis politiques pour leur financement<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.05cm; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">En ne respectant pas la loi sur la parit\u00e9, lors des \u00e9lections l\u00e9gislatives de juin<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong> 2007<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">, les partis politiques se sont priv\u00e9s de plus de <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>5 millions<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"> d\u2019euros par an en investissant seulement 44,6% de candidates qui est un r\u00e9sultat meilleur qu\u2019en 2002 (7 millions d\u2019euros par an pour 38,8% de candidates). <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.05cm; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Aujourd\u2019hui<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"> si la parit\u00e9 progresse quantitativement \u00e0 l\u2019Assembl\u00e9e nationale, avec 107 d\u00e9put\u00e9es sur 577, par contre <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><em><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">les postes \u00e0 responsabilit\u00e9s restent r\u00e9serv\u00e9s \u00e0 des hommes<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.05cm; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; line-height: 100%;\"><a name=\"sdfootnote13anc\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">Toutes les <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>commissions,<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"> tous les <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>groupes ou d\u00e9l\u00e9gations<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"> ont un homme pr\u00e9sident, \u00e0 l\u2019exception de la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation aux droits des femmes et \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9galit\u00e9 des chances entre les femmes et les hommes (compos\u00e9e \u00e0 de plus de 80% par des femmes \u2013 Marie-Jo Zimmermann (UMP) pr\u00e9sidente).<br \/>\nLe bureau de l\u2019Assembl\u00e9e reste lui-m\u00eame tr\u00e8s masculin avec 2 femmes \u00e9lues sur 12 membres : Catherine G\u00e9nisson (PS \u2013 vice-pr\u00e9sidente) et Marylise Lebranchu (PS \u2013 questeur)<\/span><\/span><a href=\"#sdfootnote13sym\"><sup><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">13<\/span><\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-top: 0.05cm; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; border: 1px solid #00000a; padding: 0.04cm 0.14cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">Les \u00e9lections s\u00e9natoriales de moins de 4 s\u00e9nateurs.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.05cm; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>LOI juillet 2000<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span>: <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">pr\u00e9voyaient d\u2019appliquer le scrutin majoritaire ( 2 s\u00e9nateurs max).+ scrutin proportionnel de liste (\u00e0 partir de 3 si\u00e8ges). <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.05cm; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.assemblee-nationale.fr\/12\/dossiers\/0303130203.asp\"><span style=\"color: #00000a;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">La loi 2003<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">modifie le mode de scrutin des s\u00e9nateurs. Ainsi, le scrutin majoritaire (3 s\u00e9nateurs max )<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.05cm; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Depuis la loi du 30 juillet 2003, 180 s\u00e9nateurs<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">(soit 52\u00a0%) sont \u00e9lus au <\/span><\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scrutin_proportionnel_plurinominal\"><span style=\"color: #00000a;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">scrutin proportionnel plurinominal<\/span><\/span><\/a><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">, sans <\/span><\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panachage\"><span style=\"color: #00000a;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">panachage<\/span><\/span><\/a><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"> ni vote pr\u00e9f\u00e9rentiel, dans les 30 d\u00e9partements \u00e9lisant 4 s\u00e9nateurs ou plus et 168 s\u00e9nateurs (soit 48\u00a0%) sont \u00e9lus au <\/span><\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scrutin_uninominal_majoritaire_%C3%A0_deux_tours\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">scrutin uninominal majoritaire \u00e0 deux<\/span><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scrutin_uninominal_majoritaire_%C3%A0_deux_tours\"><span style=\"color: #00000a;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"> tours<\/span><\/span><\/a><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"> dans les 70 d\u00e9partements \u00e9lisant 3 s\u00e9nateurs ou moins. La <\/span><\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nouvelle-Cal%C3%A9donie\"><span style=\"color: #00000a;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie<\/span><\/span><\/a><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"> et les quatre <\/span><\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Collectivit%C3%A9s_d%E2%80%99outre-mer\"><span style=\"color: #00000a;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">collectivit\u00e9s d\u2019outre-mer<\/span><\/span><\/a><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"> \u00e9lisent aussi leurs s\u00e9nateurs via ce mode de scrutin. Lors des derniers renouvellements du S\u00e9nat, les d\u00e9partements \u00e9lisant leurs repr\u00e9sentants suivant ce mode d\u2019\u00e9lection ont vu seulement 2 femmes \u00e9lues sur 28 en 2001, 2 sur 45 en 2004 et 7 sur 74 en 2008. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.05cm; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">La r\u00e9forme du scrutin des s\u00e9natoriales de 2003 a potentiellement priv\u00e9 les candidates de 5 investitures en 2004 et de 8 en 2008, ce qui aurait permis de voir si\u00e9ger 88 \u00e9lues, au lieu de 75 en 2008, soit 25,7% au lieu de 21,9%<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.05cm; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; border: 1px solid #00000a; padding: 0.04cm 0.14cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">les \u00e9lections municipales dans les communes de moins de 3.500habitants<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.05cm; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">Article L252\u00a0: <\/span><\/span><em><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">\u00ab\u00a0 Les membres des conseils municipaux des communes de moins de 3500 habitants sont \u00e9lus au scrutin majoritaire\u00a0\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/em><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.05cm; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">Article L254\u00a0: \u00ab <\/span><\/span><em><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">L\u2019\u00e9lection des membres du conseil municipal a lieu au scrutin de liste pour toute la commune\u00a0\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/em><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.05cm; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\uf0e8<\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><strong>90 % des communes<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">, les conseillers municipaux sont \u00e9lus au scrutin majoritaire. M\u00eame si la <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>loi sur la parit\u00e9 ne s\u2019applique pas dans ces petites communes<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">, on constate un l\u00e9ger <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>effet d\u2019entra\u00eenement<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"> puisque le nombre de conseill\u00e8res municipales est pass\u00e9 de 21 % en 1995, \u00e0 30 % en 2001, <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">puis 32,2%<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"> en 2008. Parall\u00e8lement, la part du nombre de femmes maires a atteint 14,2 % en 2008, alors qu\u2019elle n\u2019\u00e9tait que de 7,8 % en 1995.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0.35cm;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Victime collat\u00e9rale de la r\u00e9forme des collectivit\u00e9s territoriales<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2 class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">La r\u00e9forme territoriale =&gt; ne fait pas davantage de place aux femmes. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<h2 class=\"western\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Alors que le scrutin de liste pour les \u00e9lections r\u00e9gionales avait contraint les partis politiques \u00e0 la parit\u00e9, cette r\u00e9forme pr\u00e9voit que les conseillers territoriaux, qui remplaceront en 2014 les conseillers g\u00e9n\u00e9raux et r\u00e9gionaux, seront \u00e9lus selon un scrutin uninominal \u00e0 deux tours. Un <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">mode de scrutin qui demeure un obstacle \u00e0 une repr\u00e9sentation \u00e9quilibr\u00e9e entre les femmes et les hommes. Le choix de ce mode de scrutin a suscit\u00e9 un toll\u00e9 au sein de plusieurs partis.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.05cm; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">Le PCF, comme le Front national ou le MoDem consid\u00e8rent que l&rsquo;abandon de la proportionnelle vise \u00e0 <a href=\"http:\/\/conjugaison.lemonde.fr\/conjugaison\/search?verb=favoriser\">favoriser<\/a> les plus gros partis, et plus particuli\u00e8rement l&rsquo;UMP. Selon ces formations, l&rsquo;objectif est de <a href=\"http:\/\/conjugaison.lemonde.fr\/conjugaison\/search?verb=mettre\">mettre<\/a> un frein \u00e0 la constante \u00e9rosion de la pr\u00e9sence du parti pr\u00e9sidentiel dans les conseils r\u00e9gionaux et g\u00e9n\u00e9raux. <\/span><\/span><em><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">\u00ab\u00a0En changeant les r\u00e8gles de repr\u00e9sentativit\u00e9 des collectivit\u00e9s territoriales dans un but politique, <\/span><\/span><\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/sujet\/6ba2\/nicolas-sarkozy.html\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><em>Nicolas Sarkozy<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/a><em><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"> remet en cause les r\u00e8gles de la parit\u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/em><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">, regrette <a href=\"http:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/sujet\/e01e\/hermeline-malherbe.html\">Hermeline Malherbe<\/a>, pr\u00e9sidente du conseil g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es-Orientales (divers gauche). <\/span><\/span><em><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><strong>Ce n&rsquo;\u00e9tait probablement pas la volont\u00e9 initiale de ceux qui ont pens\u00e9 cette loi, mais cela sera une des cons\u00e9quences de ce choix.\u00a0\u00bb<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"text-indent: 1.25cm; margin-bottom: 0.35cm;\"><span style=\"color: #00b050;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>B\u00a0: un v\u00e9ritable enjeu politique<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0.35cm;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>UMP\u00a0: Fillon veut frapper les partis au portefeuille<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0.35cm;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Hostile au scrutin proportionnel, <\/span><\/span><\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/lci.tf1.fr\/biographies\/francois-fillon-4883830.html\"><span style=\"color: #333333;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Fran\u00e7ois Fillon<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"> s&rsquo;est dit vendredi, lors de la\u00a0conclusion des Etats g\u00e9n\u00e9raux de la femme, \u00e0 Paris, \u00ab\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><em><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><strong>favorable \u00e0 un renforcement tr\u00e8s dur des\u00a0p\u00e9nalit\u00e9s financi\u00e8res pour les partis politiques qui ne\u00a0respectent pas la <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/lci.tf1.fr\/infos\/parite\/parite-1.html\"><span style=\"color: #333333;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><em><strong>parit\u00e9<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\u00ab\u00a0. Avec un argument simple : \u00ab\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><em><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">On pr\u00e9f\u00e8re payer quand c&rsquo;est encore\u00a0possible de le supporter. Lorsque cela ne le sera plus, je suis\u00a0convaincu que c&rsquo;est l&rsquo;ensemble des partis politiques qui\u00a0progresseront dans ce domaine<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\u00ab\u00a0. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-top: 0.38cm; margin-bottom: 0.38cm; line-height: 100%;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Pourquoi se focaliser ainsi sur les partis<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"> ? Tout simplement parce que la France est en mauvaise posture. Avec 15% d&rsquo;\u00e9lues au Parlement, la France se situe \u00e0 la 18e\u00a0place sur 27 dans l&rsquo;Union europ\u00e9enne. Deux femmes ont \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9lues pr\u00e9sidente de r\u00e9gion en mars, dont\u00a0la socialiste S\u00e9gol\u00e8ne Royal, qui avait acc\u00e9d\u00e9 en 2007 au second\u00a0tour de l&rsquo;\u00e9lection pr\u00e9sidentielle &#8211; une premi\u00e8re en France. <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><strong>\u00ab\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><em><strong>C&rsquo;est au sein des partis politiques que ce combat doit \u00eatre\u00a0conduit<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><strong>\u00ab\u00a0, <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">a insist\u00e9 le Premier ministre, qui a apport\u00e9 son\u00a0soutien \u00e0 une proposition de loi durcissant les sanctions pr\u00e9par\u00e9e par la\u00a0d\u00e9put\u00e9e UMP Chantal Brunel. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0.35cm;\"><span style=\"color: #194169;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: none;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #00000a;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">L&rsquo;\u00e9tat-major socialiste interpell\u00e9 sur les investitures pour les l\u00e9gislatives\u00a0:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0.35cm;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">ARNAUD <\/span><\/span><\/span><a href=\"##\"><span style=\"color: #194169;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Montebourg<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"> est <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><em>\u00a0\u00bb inquiet \u00ab\u00a0<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">. Il craint, explique-t-il au <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><em>Monde<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">, que le <\/span><\/span><\/span><a href=\"##\"><span style=\"color: #194169;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Parti socialiste<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"> ne reprenne ses <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><em>\u00a0\u00bb mauvaises habitudes \u00ab\u00a0<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">. Alors il a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 de <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><em>\u00a0\u00bb faire monter la pression \u00ab\u00a0<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">. Et pour cela d&rsquo;adresser \u00e0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><a href=\"##\"><span style=\"color: #194169;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Martine Aubry<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">, lundi 7 novembre, une lettre qui se lit comme une sommation.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0.35cm;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Dans ce courrier de 2 pages, le secr\u00e9taire national du PS \u00e0 la r\u00e9novation rappelle \u00e0 la premi\u00e8re secr\u00e9taire l&rsquo;ambition que le parti s&rsquo;est fix\u00e9e en vue des \u00e9lections l\u00e9gislatives de juin 2012 : <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><em>\u00a0\u00bb \u00e9viter qu&rsquo; &#8211; il &#8211; ne se fige dans une image d&rsquo;une repr\u00e9sentation parlementaire excessivement monopolis\u00e9e par des \u00e9lus sexag\u00e9naires et masculins \u00ab\u00a0<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0.35cm;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Mme Lenfant, que <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><em>\u00a0\u00bb le probl\u00e8me n&rsquo;est pas seulement celui du nombre total de candidates mais celui de la <\/em><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><em>parit\u00e9<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><em> effective, c&rsquo;est-\u00e0-dire du nombre de femmes qui seront \u00e9lues \u00ab\u00a0<\/em><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">. (la secr\u00e9taire nationale adjointe aux droits des femmes, <\/span><\/span><a href=\"##\"><span style=\"color: #194169;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Ga\u00eblle Lenfant<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">,) =&gt; les circonscriptions r\u00e9serv\u00e9es aux femmes sont r\u00e9put\u00e9es difficiles. C&rsquo;est notamment le cas dans les Yvelines et dans le Val-de-Mar<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 0.61cm;\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><a href=\"##\"><span style=\"color: #194169;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><strong>Eva Joly<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><strong>, <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 0.61cm;\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">candidate EELV \u00e0 la pr\u00e9sidentielle, a sign\u00e9 mardi le \u00ab\u00a0pacte pour l&rsquo;\u00e9galit\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb entre les sexes lanc\u00e9 par un r\u00e9seau f\u00e9ministe, d\u00e9j\u00e0 sign\u00e9 par l&rsquo;ensemble des candidats \u00e0 la primaire <\/span><\/span><\/span><a href=\"##\"><span style=\"color: #194169;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">PS<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"> dont le vainqueur, <\/span><\/span><\/span><a href=\"##\"><span style=\"color: #194169;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Fran\u00e7ois Hollande<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.05cm; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; line-height: 100%;\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">Ce \u00ab\u00a0pacte pour l&rsquo;\u00e9galit\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb, rendu public le 3 mars, par le r\u00e9seau \u00ab\u00a0Laboratoire de l&rsquo;Egalit\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb a \u00e9t\u00e9 lanc\u00e9 \u00e0 tous les candidats \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9lection pr\u00e9sidentielle. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.05cm; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; line-height: 100%;\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">Il pr\u00e9voit notamment une suspension du financement des partis qui ne respectent pas la <\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\">parit\u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 1.99cm; margin-bottom: 0.35cm; border: 1px solid #00000a; padding: 0.04cm 0.14cm;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\u00ab\u00a0Et pour finir sur une touche personnelle\u2026.je pense que les femmes ne devraient pas avoir besoin de lois pour s\u2019imposer, en politique et ailleurs\u00a0\u2026.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 1.99cm; margin-bottom: 0.35cm; border: 1px solid #00000a; padding: 0.04cm 0.14cm;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Et je pense que si les femmes sont moins repr\u00e9sent\u00e9es en politique c\u2019est juste car elles sont moins pr\u00e9sentes en politique\u00a0\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pr\u00e9sentation pour l&rsquo;expos\u00e9 sur la parit\u00e9 Audrey Brun, d\u00e9cembre 2011 La parit\u00e9 \u00ab\u00a0 petit apart\u00e9 sur la parit\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb \u00ab Quarante ans de Cinqui\u00e8me R\u00e9publique prouvent, s\u2019il en \u00e9tait besoin, que,&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[4],"tags":[41],"class_list":["post-347","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-expose","tag-parite"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p3a041-5B","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.electoral.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/347","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.electoral.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.electoral.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.electoral.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.electoral.fr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=347"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.electoral.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/347\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":351,"href":"https:\/\/www.electoral.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/347\/revisions\/351"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.electoral.fr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=347"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.electoral.fr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=347"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.electoral.fr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=347"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}